Aortic Stenosis, Aortic Regurgitation and Arterial Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension (HT) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and might precipitate pathology of the aortic valve. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of HT with aortic dysfunction (including both aortic regurgitation and stenosis) and the impact of antihypertensive treatment on the natural course of underlying aortic disease. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature for all relevant articles assessing the correlation between HT and phenotype of aortic disease. RESULTS: Co-existence of HT with aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation is highly prevalent in hypertensive patients and predicts a worse prognosis. Certain antihypertensive agents may improve haemodynamic parameters (aortic jet velocity, aortic regurgitation volume) and remodeling of the left ventricle, but there is no strong evidence of benefit regarding clinical outcomes. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, among other vasodilators, are well-tolerated in aortic stenosis. CONCLUSION: Several lines of evidence support a detrimental association between HT and aortic valve disease. Therefore, HT should be promptly treated in aortic valvulopathy. Despite conventional wisdom, specific vasodilators can be used with caution in aortic stenosis.

Nurse's Contribution to Alleviate Non-adherence to Hypertension Treatment.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Hypertension consists a major risk factor for cardiovascular events. Despite the proven effectiveness of antihypertensive treatment, approximately half of hypertensive patients have inadequate blood pressure control. Non-adherence to medication has been shown to be an important barrier to achieving adequate blood pressure control and nurse interventions can substantially improve therapeutic compliance. We sought to evaluate the role of nurse interventions in alleviating non-adherence to medication in patients with hypertension by performing a systematic review of the literature for all relevant articles. RECENT FINDINGS: Ten clinical studies were identified. The majority of studies reported beneficial effect of nursing intervention on treatment adherence in hypertensive patients. Telephone contacts and home visits were found to be the most effective educational approaches. Although comorbidities are considered to be an important barrier to adherence, there was not enough evidence to elucidate this aspect. Identifying specific factors that affect behavioral change in the setting of a successful intervention was difficult due to high heterogeneity among studies regarding materials and methods. Nursing interventions were shown to alleviate non-adherence to medication in patients with hypertension. Large well designed clinical trials are needed to evaluate specific factors that are associated with effective interventions.

Adult congenital heart disease in Greece: Preliminary data from the CHALLENGE registry.

BACKGROUND: The majority of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), nowadays, survives into adulthood and is faced with long-term complications. We aimed to study the basic demographic and clinical characteristics of adult patients with congenital heart disease (ACHD) in Greece. METHODS: A registry named CHALLENGE (Adult Congenital Heart Disease Registry. A registry from Hellenic Cardiology Society) was initiated in January 2012. Patients with structural CHD older than 16years old were enrolled by 16 specialized centers nationwide. RESULTS: Out of a population of 2115 patients with ACHD, who have been registered, (mean age 38years (SD 16), 52% women), 47% were classified as suffering from mild, 37% from moderate and 15% from severe ACHD. Atrial septal defect (ASD) was the most prevalent diagnosis (33%). The vast majority of ACHD patients (92%) was asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic (NYHA class I/II). The most symptomatic patients were suffering from an ASD, most often the elderly or those under targeted therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Elderly patients (>60years old) accounted for 12% of the ACHD population. Half of patients had undergone at least one open-heart surgery, while 39% were under cardiac medications (15% under antiarrhythmic drugs, 16% under anticoagulants, 16% under medications for heart failure and 4% under targeted therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension). CONCLUSIONS: ACHD patients are an emerging patient population and national prospective registries such as CHALLENGE are of unique importance in order to identify the ongoing needs of these patients and match them with the appropriate resource allocation.

Left ventricular ejection fraction as therapeutic target: is it the ideal marker?

Heart failure (HF) consists the fastest growing clinical cardiac disease. HF patients are categorized on the basis of underlying left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) into HF with preserved EF (HFpEF), reduced LVEF (HFrEF), and mid-range LVEF (HFmrEF). While LVEF is the most commonly used surrogate marker of left ventricular (LV) systolic function, the implementation of two-dimensional echocardiography in estimating this parameter imposes certain caveats on current HF classification. Most importantly, LVEF could fluctuate in repeated measurements or even recover after treatment, thus blunting the borders between proposed categories of HF and enabling upward classification of patients. Under this prism, we sought to summarize possible procedures to improve systolic function in patients with HFrEF either naturally or by the means of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment and devices. Therefore, we reviewed established pharmacotherapy, including beta-blockers, inhibitors of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, statins, and digoxin as well as novel treatments like sacubitril-valsartan, ranolazine, and ivabradine. In addition, we assessed evidence in favor of cardiac resynchronization therapy and exercise training programs. Finally, innovative therapeutic strategies, including stem cells, xanthine oxidase inhibitors, antibiotic regimens, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, were also taken into consideration. We concluded that LVEF is subject to changes in HF after intervention and besides the aforementioned HFrEF, HFpEF, and HFmrEF categories, a new entity of HF patients with recovered LVEF should be acknowledged. An improved global and refined LV function assessment by sophisticated imaging modalities and circulating biomarkers is expected to render HF classification more accurate and indicate patients with viable-yet dysfunctional-myocardium and favorable characteristics as the ideal candidates for LVEF recovery by individualized HF therapy.

Blood pressure response to catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation in severe resistant hypertension: data from the Greek Renal Denervation Registry.

BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION: The efficacy of catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) in terms of blood pressure (BP) reduction has been questioned, while "real-world" data from registries are needed. In this study, we report the complete set of 12-month data on office and ambulatory BP changes as well as the predictors for BP response to RDN from a national registry. METHODS: In 4 Greek hospital centers, 79 patients with severe drug-resistant hypertension (age 59 ± 10 years, 53 males, body mass index 33 ± 5 kg/m2; office BP and 24-h ambulatory BP were 176 ± 15/95 ± 13 and 155 ± 14/90 ± 12 mmHg, respectively, 4.4 ± 0.9 antihypertensive drugs) underwent RDN and were followed-up for 12 months in the Greek Renal Denervation Registry. Bilateral RDN was performed using percutaneous femoral approach and standardized techniques. RESULTS: Reduction in office systolic/diastolic BP at 6 and 12 months from baseline was -30/-12 and -29/-12 mmHg, while the reduction in 24-h ambulatory BP was -16/-9 and -15/-9 mmHg, respectively (p < 0.05 for all). Patients that were RDN responders (85%, n = 58), defined as an at least 10-mmHg decrease in office systolic BP at 12 months, compared to non-responders were younger (57 ± 9 vs 65 ± 8 years, p < 0.05), had higher baseline office systolic BP (176 ± 17 vs 160 ± 11 mmHg, p < 0.05) and 24-h systolic BP (159 ± 13 vs 149 ± 11 mmHg, p < 0.05). Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that age, obesity parameters, and baseline office BP were independent predictors of RDN response (p < 0.05 for both), but not the type of RDN catheter or the use of aldosterone antagonists. At 12 months, there were no significant changes in renal function and any new serious device or procedure-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: In our "real-world" multicenter national registry, the efficacy of renal denervation in reducing BP as well as safety is confirmed during a 12-month follow-up. Moreover, younger age, obesity, and higher levels of baseline systolic BP are independently related to better BP response to RDN.

Oral Glucose-lowering Drugs and Cardiovascular Outcomes: From the Negative RECORD and ACCORD to Neutral TECOS and Promising EMPA-REG.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality are higher among patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), particularly those with concomitant CV diseases, compared with other populations. In patients with T2DM, intensive glucose lowering reduces microvascular disease, but has a smaller and debated effect on CV events or mortality. In this setting, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required in 2008 that all new agents for the treatment of T2DM should be evaluated in terms of CV safety. Metformin has long been established as first-line pharmacological therapy in patients with T2DM, due to its proven beneficial CV effects. Despite the controversies about the issue of the CV safety of other oral antidiabetic agents such as sulfonylureas (SUs) and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), long-term randomized trials suggested neutral effects of these agents on macrovascular disease. Moreover, there are a number of CV outcome trials designed to determine the long-term CV safety of new glucose-lowering agents, like dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Although the results of these trials indicate the CV safety of oral new antidiabetic agents, only one of them (with empagliflozin) has so far reported reduction of CV events. Recently, LEADER (Liraglutide Effect And Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results - A Long-term Evaluation), a CV outcome trial in diabetic patients by using an injectable glucose-lowering agent (liraglutide) has also reported a reduction in CV outcomes. CONCLUSION: The present review considers the long-term CV effects of anti-diabetic drugs and updates the relevant randomized CV outcome studies of oral glucose-lowering agents.

Long-term effects of multielectrode renal denervation on cardiac adaptations in resistant hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy.

Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction predict long-term cardiovascular events. We evaluated whether multielectrode renal denervation (RDN) can provide beneficial cardiac adaptations in patients with resistant hypertension and LV hypertrophy long term at 24 months. Seventeen patients with true drug-resistant hypertension (age: 57±9 years, 11 men, body mass index: 33.79±5.49 kg m-2, office blood pressure (BP): 183±20/97±18 mm Hg and ambulatory BP: 152±16/86±15 mm Hg receiving 4.5 anti-hypertensive drugs per day) and LV hypertrophy underwent multielectrode RDN (EnligHTNTM, St Jude Medical). At baseline, LV mass index averaged 141.1±16.8 g m-2 (58.4±7.8 g m-2.7) and mitral lateral E/E' 14.7±6.2. At 6, 12 and 24 months after RDN, the LV mass/body surface area (LV mass per height2.7) reduced significantly by 9.1% (8.8%), 11.3% (10.5%) and 15.5% (14.1%), respectively; and the mitral lateral E/E' reduced significantly by 14.0%, 15.3% and 29.7%, respectively. At 24 months after RDN, majority (70.6%) of the patients showed regression of LV hypertrophy of at least one level; the proportion of patients with concentric LV hypertrophy had dropped by 47.1% from baseline; and the proportion of patients with office systolic BP level of ⩾160 mm Hg had dropped by 76.5% from baseline. No statistically significant association was observed between the changes in office BP and the changes in LV mass index or diastolic function. In patients with drug-resistant hypertension and LV hypertrophy, multielectrode RDN can contribute to significant and sustained improvements of diastolic dysfunction and attenuation of LV mass indices long term at 24 months.

Drug-resistant hypertensive patients responding to multielectrode renal denervation exhibit improved heart rate dynamics and reduced arrhythmia burden.

Transluminal renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) reduces blood pressure (BP) in patients with drug-resistant uncontrolled hypertension. We assessed the effect of RDN on heart rate, supraventricular and ventricular ectopic activity and indexes of heart rate variability in 14 patients with drug-resistant uncontrolled hypertension who were all responders to RDN (defined as a reduction in office systolic BP ⩾ 10 mm Hg) at baseline and at 1 and 6 months after the procedure using the multielectrode EnligHTN ablation catheter (St Jude Medical). Office and 24-h systolic and diastolic BP were significantly reduced both at 1 and 6 months after RDN and all patients were office BP responders. There was a trend toward office heart rate reduction (by 6.9 b.p.m., P=0.064) at 1 month and a significant reduction by 10 b.p.m. (P=0.004) at 6 months. Mean 24-h Holter monitoring heart rate was reduced by 6.7 b.p.m. (P=0.022) at 1 month and by 5.3 b.p.m. (P=0.010) at 6 months after RDN. The total number of premature supraventricular and ventricular contractions was significantly decreased and time- and frequency- domain indexes were increased both at 1 and at 6 months after RDN (P<0.05 for both cases). Apart from the substantial BP lowering, RDN results in significant reduction of mean heart rate and arrhythmia burden, restoring autonomic balance in responder patients with drug-resistant uncontrolled hypertension.

Renal nerve ablation for hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease.

Among current epidemics, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is accompanied with high morbidity and mortality rates inherently associated with the thriving comorbidities of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. In this mutually reinforcing triad, adequate control of high blood pressure emerges as extremely important for decreasing patients' complication rates and prolonging life expectancy. However, hypertension control in this particular group of patients is often proven an arduous task, presenting high rates of resistance. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) overactivity is implicated not only in the pathophysiological basis of difficult-to-treat hypertension, but also in the development and progression of renal disease, thus rendering SNS a prime therapeutic target in CKD. As renal nerve ablation (RNA) is finding its place among other invasive procedures in the cardiovascular arena, the potential therapeutic impact of this innovative treatment modality is gradually expanding from resistant hypertension to other high blood pressure-related clinical conditions like CKD. Encouraging results of clinical trials testing efficacy and safety of renal nerve ablation in resistant hypertensives provide the opportunity to apply the procedure in other subgroups of hypertensive patients. Available data regarding renal function of study participants suggest the safe implementation of RNA in patients with renal disease, but both unexplored benefits as well as potential hazards should be taken into account and critically evaluated. While renal denervation has been tested in selected cases of patients with renal disease, the results of large, multicenter trials evaluating the effects of this procedure on large cohorts of patients with CKD are eagerly anticipated.

The role of renal nerve ablation for the management of resistant hypertension and other disease conditions: benefits and concerns.

The sympathetic nervous system is overactivated in resistant hypertension and several other disease conditions. A reciprocal association between the brain and the kidney has been described, in that sympathetic overactivity affects renal function while renal injury stimulates central sympathetic drive. Renal nerve ablation has been recently introduced as a potential alternative for the management of resistant hypertension, mainly due to current limitations in pharmacologic antihypertensive therapy. Data accumulated thus far point towards an efficacious and safe interventional method for the management of treatment resistance, with additional benefits on glucose metabolism and cardiac structure and function. Furthermore, beneficial effects have been observed in patients with chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, polycystic ovary syndrome, and sympathetically driven tachyarrhythmias. However, as with every novel technique, several questions need to be answered and concerns need to be addressed before the wide application of this interventional approach.

Carotid baroreceptor stimulation: a promising approach for the management of resistant hypertension and heart failure.

Many difficult-to-treat clinical entities in the cardiovascular field are characterized by pronounced sympathetic overactivity, including resistant hypertension and heart failure, underlining the need to explore therapeutic options beyond pharmacotherapy. Autonomic modulation via carotid baroreceptor activation has already been evaluated in clinical trials for resistant hypertension, and relevant outcomes with regard to safety and efficacy of the technique are critically presented. The pathophysiological background of heart failure renders carotid baroreceptor stimulation a potential treatment candidate for the disease. Available data from animal models with heart failure point towards significant cardioprotective benefits of this innovative technique. Accordingly, the effects of baroreceptor activation treatment (BAT) on cardiac parameters of hypertensive patients are well-promising, setting the basis for upcoming clinical trials with baroreflex activation on patients with heart failure. However, as the potential therapeutic of BAT unfolds and new perspectives are highlighted, several concerns are raised that should be meticulously addressed before the wide application of this invasive procedure is set in the limelight.

Uric acid in-hospital changes predict mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The prognostic impact of admission uric acid (UA) levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is controversial. We assessed the prognostic role of in-hospital UA changes in patients with AMI. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 375 consecutive patients (320 males, mean age 62.6 years) with AMI (232 with ST elevation MI) within 12 h of symptoms' onset. UA levels were daily measured throughout hospitalization and their admission and peak values were recorded. End-points were 30-day and 1-year mortality. Mortality rate at 30 days was 7.2% and at 1 year 10.9%. Patients who died within 30 days exhibited higher peak UA (10.24 mg/dl vs. 7.06 mg/dl, p < 0.001) and absolute UA elevation (1.7 mg/dl vs. 0.7 mg/dl, p < 0.001). Optimal values for predicting 30-day mortality were 9.65 mg/dl for peak UA and 2.35 mg/dl for UA elevation. Concerning 1-year mortality, deceased patients had higher peak UA levels (9.71 mg/dl vs. 7 mg/dl, p < 0.001) and absolute UA elevation (1.5 mg/dl vs. 0.6 mg/dl, p < 0.001). Optimal values for predicting 1-year mortality were 9.55 mg/dl for peak UA and 1.1 mg/dl for UA elevation. With Cox regression analysis peak UA (adjHR 1.157, p = 0.030) and UA elevation (adjHR 1.288, p = 0.009) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. Similarly, peak UA levels (adjHR 1.204, p = 0.001) and UA elevation (adjHR 1.213, p = 0.001) predicted 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with AMI peak rather than admission UA levels, and absolute in-hospital UA elevation predict both 30-day and 1-year mortality. Serial in-hospital UA measurements add prognostic information in AMI patients.

Assisted reproductive technology and pregnancy-related hypertensive complications: a systematic review.

Hypertensive complications in pregnancy are the leading cause of maternal morbidity, at least in the developed countries. In recent years, infertility issues are managed with ever growing therapeutic options namely assisted reproductive technologies (ART), which improve the ratio of successful induction of pregnancy. It is still debated whether various ART modalities are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including hypertensive complications, particularly with higher incidence of preeclampsia. The main source of controversy stems from the diversity of effect modifiers modulating the association between ART-oriented pregnancy and hypertensive disorders. Indeed, women undergoing an ART procedure are affected by diverse causes of infertility, are frequently characterized by different genetic patterns with respect to their artificially conceived embryo and experienced multiple gestations. In order to investigate whether ART modalities are associated with increased incidence of hypertensive complications in pregnancy, we reviewed all published studies carried out before the end of 2010 and identified in the PubMed database. Among the 47 studies finally selected and by acknowledging the potential of shortcomings related to the different study design and populations, the overall evidence suggests that ART-oriented pregnancies-especially the in-vitro fertilization techniques-are accompanied by increased risk for gestational hypertension and preeclampsia as compared with non-ART pregnancies, even after adjustment for confounders. Multiple gestations, advanced age and underlying polycystic ovary syndrome resulted in constant confounders of the questioned association. Reducing multiple gestations by implementing single embryo techniques might be the therapeutic limiting step to lower the rate of hypertensive complications in assisted pregnancies.

Impact of metabolic syndrome on clinical outcomes after new generation drug-eluting stent implantation: the 'obesity paradox' phenomenon is still apparent.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: New generation drug-eluting stents (DES) have improved clinical outcomes. However, their impact on patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) is still unclear as there is no sufficient data. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of the new generation DES on patients with an isolated lesion in the proximal segment of the left anterior descending artery (pLAD) suffering from MS. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated 511 patients with a pLAD lesion. Of these, 147 patients had MS. The major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and target lesion revascularization (TLR) were defined as primary end points. Stent thrombosis was also evaluated. MACEs had a trend to be higher in non-MS group (8.24% vs 3.40%, p = 0.05) during 20 months mean follow-up period. Rates of cardiac death (1.37% vs 0.68%, p = 0.67), non-fatal MI (1.92% vs 0.0%, p = 0.20), TLR (4.94% vs 2.04% MS, p = 0.21) and thrombosis (3.29% vs 1.36%, p = 0.36) were not significantly different in non-MS and MS group. The Kaplan-Meier curve revealed: MS group: 96.59% vs non-MS group: 91.75% (p = 0.04). MS was a favorable independent predictor for MACE (hazard ratio (HR) 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12-0.93, p < 0.03). In addition, independent predictors for MACE were BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) (HR 0.87 95% CI 0.79-0.96 p = 0.008) and diabetes mellitus (HR 2.01 95% CI 0.99-4.11, p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: The 'obese paradox' phenomenon is found in the era of new generation DES. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism for this phenomenon further studies are required.

Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-product levels are related to albuminuria and arterial stiffness in essential hypertension.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Emerging evidence suggests that the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) is implicated in the development of vascular disease. We investigated the interrelationships of sRAGE with albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) and arterial stiffness in essential hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 309 untreated non-diabetic hypertensives, ACR values were determined as the mean of three non-consecutive morning spot urine samples and aortic stiffness was evaluated on the basis of carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (c-f PWV). In all subjects, venous blood sampling was performed for the estimation of sRAGE levels. Patients with low (n = 155) compared to those with high sRAGE values (n = 154) had greater 24-h systolic BP (140 ± 8 vs. 134 ± 7 mmHg, p < 0.0001), exhibited higher ACR (36.3 ± 51.6 vs. 17.2 ± 1.2 mg g(-1), p < 0.0001) and c-f PWV (8.3 ± 1.5 vs. 7.8 ± 1.1 m s(-1), p = 0.003), independently of confounding factors. Multiple regression analyses revealed that age, male sex, 24-h systolic BP and sRAGE were the 'independent correlates' of ACR (R(2) = 0.493, p < 0.0001), while age, 24-h systolic BP and sRAGE were the 'independent correlates' of c-f PWV (R(2) = 0.428, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In hypertensives, decreased sRAGE levels are accompanied by pronounced albuminuria and arterial stiffening. The association of sRAGE with ACR and c-f PWV suggests involvement of sRAGE in the progression of hypertensive vascular damage.

Monitoring calcific aortic valve disease: the role of biomarkers.

Calcific aortic valve disease is a common disease in the elderly associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It was once described as a passive degenerative process during which serum calcium attaches to the valve surface and binds to the leaflet. However, during the last decade mounting evidence demonstrated that this disease has an active biologic process with numerous signaling pathways. The histological hallmarks seem to be inflammation, oxidized lipids-also detectable in aortic valve lesions-and a remodeling of the extracellular matrix leading to bone formation. Over the years, growing evidence has indicated the risk factors for calcific aortic stenosis including lipids, hypertension, male gender, renal failure, and diabetes. Additional monitoring tools, such as molecular imaging, could improve risk stratification, while assessment of severity and prognosis of patients with chronic aortic regurgitation, is desirable. Also, several studies have investigated the role of biomarkers regarding their utility in the screening of calcific aortic valve disease and their putative clinical value, though their role still remains undetermined.

Subendocardial viability ratio as an index of impaired coronary flow reserve in hypertensives without significant coronary artery stenoses.

Subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR), calculated through pulse wave analysis, is an index of myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between coronary flow reserve (CFR) and SEVR in 36 consecutive untreated hypertensives (aged 57.9 years, 12 males, all Caucasian) with indications of myocardial ischaemia and normal coronary arteries in coronary angiography. CFR was calculated by a 0.014-inch Doppler guidewire (Flowire, Volcano, San Diego, CA, USA) in response to bolus intracoronary administration of adenosine (30-60 µg). SEVR was calculated by radial applanation tonometry, while diastolic function was evaluated by means of transmitral flow and tissue Doppler imaging. Hypertensive patients with low CFR (n=24) compared with those with normal CFR (n=12) exhibited significantly decreased SEVR by 24.5% (P=0.002). In hypertensives with low CFR, CFR was correlated with SEVR (r=0.651, P=0.001). After applying multivariate linear regression analysis, age, left ventricular mass index, Em/Am, 24-h diastolic blood pressure (BP) and SEVR turned out to be the only independent predictors of CFR (adjusted R(2)=0.718). Estimation of SEVR by using applanation tonometry may provide a reliable tool for the assessment of coronary microcirculation in essential hypertensives with indications of myocardial ischaemia and normal coronary arteries.

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and albuminuria levels in Greek adolescents: data from the Leontio Lyceum ALbuminuria (3L study).

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Mediterranean diet has favorable effects on the cardiovascular system, whereas albuminuria is associated with atherosclerosis progression. The aim of the study was to assess the relationships of adherence rates to the Mediterranean diet with albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), in a cohort of Greek adolescents who participated in the Leontio Lyceum ALbuminuria (3L) study. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a total of 365 adolescents 12-17 years of age included in 3L study, ACR values were determined in a morning-spot urine. RESULTS: The Mediterranean diet Quality Index for children and adolescents (KIDMED) was estimated and accordingly subjects were divided into those with high (≥ 8), average (4-7) and low (≤ 3) score. Adolescents with low (n=153, 42%) compared with those with average (n=187, 51.2%) and high (n=25, 6.8%) KIDMED score were characterized by greater ACR values (22.4 vs 13.4 vs 12.1 mg/g, P<0.05) even after adjustment for confounders. In the total population, KIDMED score was related to body mass index (r=0.122, P=0.02), waist circumference (r=0.118, P=0.02), systolic blood pressure (BP) (r=0.119, P=0.023), whereas it was negatively associated with ACR (r=-0.111, P=0.041). Regarding ACR, it was associated with age (r=-0.11, P=0.044), male sex (r=0.16, P=0.003), body mass index (r=-0.131, P=0.016) and systolic BP (r=-0.144, P=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents who adhere to the Mediterranean diet exhibit lower levels of albuminuria, independently of demographic and hemodynamic confounders. The inverse relation of KIDMED index with ACR suggests a close link of accelerated vascular damage reflected by albuminuria with low adherence to this favorable diet of the Mediterranean basin.